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cu140.txt
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1996-03-11
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1.5
Rosa Parks, a slight,
softly spoken black
woman changed the
course of American
history and earned the
title "mother of the
modern civil rights
movement". On
December 1st 1955 in
Montgomery,
Alabama, she broke
the law by refusing to
give her seat on the
bus to a white man.
Her quiet rebellion
sparked off a city-wide bus boycott that lasted 381 days
and propelled the cause of civil rights and the protest's
leader, a young minister named Martin Luther King, to
national attention. Her legal case challenged and eventually
broke Montgomery's segregation laws. Parks was a
seamstress on her way home from a long day's work in a
department store when she made her defiant gesture. She
held her ground out of moral outrage rather than physical
exhaustion. "People always say that I didn't give up my
seat because I was tired," she said, "but that isn't true. I
was no more tired than I usually was at the end of a
working day. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving
in." Nevertheless, she displayed extraordinary courage and
gave focus to the African American struggle against
injustice and oppression. But she was always modest about
her own contribution to the movement, and continued to
live her life with quiet dignity. In 1957 she moved to
Detroit, where for twenty years she worked for the
Democratic Representative John Conyers. Thirty-five years
after Montgomery, Ron Brown, Democratic national
committee chairman, had this to say about the political
struggle of black leaders: "We have to understand that
those victories were built on the shoulders of others. And
Rosa Parks is certainly one of those pioneers."
@
2.2
Ten Negro ministers and 105 other persons involved in the
Negro boycott of buses in Montgomery, Alabama, have,
been indicted by a local grand jury on charges of illegal
action, and a large but orderly crowd of Negroes has
watched them to-day being transported under arrest to
the county gaol.
By early afternoon 40 Negroes had been arrested,
including the ministers and Mrs. Rosa Parks, the woman
whose refusal to occupy the "coloured" section of a bus
three months ago led to the boycott. Mrs. Parks was
convicted then of violating local segregation laws and fined
$14: her appeal has now been rejected by Judge Eugene
Carter, who said he would uphold both city and State
segregation laws and directed Mrs. Parks to pay the fine
and costs. She has appeal to the State Supreme Court.
All those arrested to-day have been finger-printed,
photographed, and released under a standard $300 bond.
The grand jury, of 17 white men and one Negro, said the
boycott had begun with 18 members of the "inter-
denominational alliance," composed mostly of Negro
ministers, which had set up the "Montgomery
Improvement Association" and had spent so far about
$18,000 on the boycott.
"Distrust, dislike, and hatred," the jury's report continued,
"are being taught in a community which for more than a
generation has enjoyed exemplary race relations." Small
incidents have been magnified, it was said, and ugly
rumours were being spread among both races. If this trend
continued, violence was inevitable.
@
2.3
The Negroes of Montgomery, Alabama, who have been
boycotting their city's buses for 11 months in protest
against "Jim Crow" regulations, appeared to have won their
point to-day when the Supreme Court reaffirmed a lower
court's ruling that racial segregation of bus services in
Alabama is unconstitutional.
The Montgomery bus company attempted to end
segregation in its vehicles last May, but the Alabama
government ordered it to continue its segregated service
under state law; four Negroes took the matter to a federal
court which ruled that racial segregation was
unconstitutional, and the state then appealed to the
Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court cited its 1954 ruling on racial
segregation in the schools, in which it discarded the
"separate but equal" doctrine which had until then been
accepted as a justification for segregation laws. To-day's
ruling will ultimately affect similar state laws in other
southern states - and in Tallahassee, Florida, the Negro
population is still continuing its boycott of the segregated
city buses.
A case against one of the ringleaders of the Montgomery
boycott is still under appeal; he was convicted in a state
court of conspiring to injure trade.